Cinasian Civil War
| Cinasian Civil War | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Second Muinon War | ||||||
    Clockwise from top left: Federal States soldiers arriving to support the Republic forces in an operation, Dehua communists defending themselves against an attack by Republic forces in the Cinasian mountains, Republic victory parade in Yu-King, Kue communists captured by the Republic forces | ||||||
| ||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||
|
Supported by: |
Supported by:
|
Separatists: | ||||
The Cinasian Civil War, sometimes known as the Second Muinon War, was a civil war in Cinasia fought between 1943 and 1969. Largely a conflict between the Cinasian republican forces and the communists, it also involved independence movements within Cinasia which included the Northern Cinasian Liberation Movement. The prolonged conflict only officially ended in 1969, with the remaining communist groups wiped out by 1975.
In the aftermath of the Muinon War and Ho Ling Wha's sudden death, the Cinasian communists launched a popularly supported revolution against the weakened Cinasian Republic government. The Republic government, after retreating southwards, countered the communists' advance with assistance from the Federal States. The war divided the country, as each side retained control of several cities crucial to industry and weapon making. After a decade of intense fighting, the war reached a stalemate during the 50s with a ceasefire. Fighting resumed shortly afterwards, as communists attempted to take over the republican-controlled regions through various uprisings between 1952 and 1954.
Surian withdrawal of aid, the collapse of Democratic Kuehong and the split in its leadership led to the communist's downfall in the latter half of the war. Republic forces went on the offensive through the Battle of Sun Tao in 1956 and managed to recapture the capital of Yu-King in 1958. The communists, now reduced to dispersed pockets across the country, sued for peace and a truce agreement was eventually signed among the various belligerents in 1960. However, the truce agreement broke down shortly after and the remaining communist forces in Cinasia continue to launch small military campaigns against the Republic.
Alongside the communists, various independence movements emerged during the conflict, with the Northern Cinasians declaring their official independence in 1953. During the 50s, the Republic attempted incursions into Northern Cinasia while putting down independence movements within the country. Opposing the formation of the Federal Republic of Kuehong in 1960, Cinasia pursued a policy of confrontation by sending infiltrators to exploit the ethnic diversity of Kuehong. This eventually ended with peace negotiations and the 1969 Fayaan Peace Accords. About 275,000 – 310,000 soldiers died in the conflict, with many civilians displaced or killed.
Background
Partioning of Muinon
The Muinon peninsula that remained under Bai rule attained independence in 1922 as the Union of Cinasia under a Bai-led government. However, the wave of Kue nationalism led to the formation of the Kuehong Free State at the north in 1928. Cinasia then proceeded to launch a war against the 'Kue rebellion', as it was called, but the invasion escalated into the First Muinon War. After a decade of stalemate, it was eventually agreed to partition the peninsula to allow the formal creation of the Kuehong Free State in 1938.
The loss of the four Kue-majority provinces humiliated the Cinasian government and led to a decrease in support of the government. The president also lost support when he refused to give up the emergency powers given to him during the war, and he eventually resigned as the protests intensified. His successor, Hong Tsoeng Kyn (項昌權), was just a puppet of Ho Ling Wha, and he was ultimately assassinated by protestors in 1940, leading to snap polls for the Cinasian Congress.
The 1940 elections saw no clear majority in the Congress, and the political and economic chaos allowed the communists to rise to power through a communist uprising in 1941.
Communist movement in Muinon
At the turn of the 20th century, several communist groups were set up on the Muinon Peninsula. The movement was split into three main groups: those who aligned more closely with Kue nationalism (the Kue People's Communist Party (KPCP)), those advocating communism for everyone (the Pan-Muinon People's Communist Party (PMPCP)) and the Bai coolies and workers sympathetic to the communist movement (the Bai Muinon Democratic Workers' Party (BMDWP) and other workers' union). In the 1920s, as the communist movement gained traction abroad, the Muinon communists tried to ally together but eventually split again soon later.
Still, there were informal ties between the various factions. The Kue communists supported the BMDWP (later renamed the Cinasian Democratic Workers' Party (CDWP)) and had supplied them arms and equipment to bring about a communist uprising in Cinasia. The BMDWP since 1937 was led by Tsan Tin Fuk 陳天福, who was reportedly a close friend of So Mot, the leader of the KPCP at the time.
The CDWP has repeatedly contested in the congressional elections although it has failed to attain a significant amount of seats needed. Nevertheless, it became increasingly popular over time through its propaganda campaigns, and by 1938 it was reported that a large proportion of the lower-income households (about 83%) backed the communists. There were attempts by the Cinasian government to discredit the communists, but made little impact in their political activities and support.