Yu Shanliu

Yu Shanliu (Baiyu: 于山六), born Jeuh Tzu-Sing (Baiyu: 于柱成), was a politician and military officer who ruled Bai as dictator from 1922 until his death in 1942. Rising to power as the leader of the Bai Fascist Solidatory Party (BFSP), he was Chancellor of the Middle Bai Dynasty from 1910 to 1916 and returned to power as President after the 1922 coup and the establishment of the Bai National Republic. During his dictatorship, he instigated the War of Fellow Brothers by invading Kaosha and other neighbouring states.

Yu was born in Khesong, Kaosha but was raised in Huoyuan when his family moved to Bai. He joined the Bai military in 1896 and quickly attained the rank of colonel. Even as a military commander, he joined politics and took over the BFSP in 1908, leading the party to secure a significant portion of seats in the 1910 elections. The Jinlong Emperor was persuaded to appoint Yu as Chancellor, and the two cooperated on re-armament and promoting anti-communism and pan-Baiism. However, Yu faced considerable opposition from the Yongren Emperor, who eventually dismissed Yu over ideological differences and fears of Yu's political ambitions that would oust the monarchy.

Even dismissed and the Fascist Party disbanded, Yu still held popular support. With the backing of the military, Yu and his Party overthrew the Bai monarchy in 1922 and reorganised Bai into a one-party military dictatorship, removing all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labour strikes. Yu's foreign policy aimed to restore the ancient grandeur of the Greater Bai Empire by expanding the country and the fascist sphere of influence. Directing large-scale rearmament, he ordered the invasion of Kaosha in 1928 and went on to launch military campaigns against Grinzez and Kanglapo. Despite initial successes, the subsequent failed military campaigns and the rebels' successes led to a loss in support of his regime. As rebels surrounded the capital, Yu committed suicide on 1 May 1942, which led to the collapse and surrender of the fascist government.

Early life and education
Kaoshan records showed Yu Shanliu was born Jeuh Tzu-Sing in Khesong, Kaosha on 30 October 1877. His father, Jeuh Keh-kong (于祺恭), was a gang leader trafficking goods and people across the Muinon Peninsula. His mother was widely believed to be a prostitute. His official biography published during his rule later claimed Yu was native Bai born in Huoyuan, with no references to his upbringing and family in Kaosha. Yu claimed his paternal grandfather, Yu Dongzheng, was born in Port Dunghoi to emphasise his Bai background, but that remained contested among historians.

As the Kaoshan police cracked down on the family-run smuggling route, the family fled to their friends in Huoyuan. His parents were eventually caught and extradited back to Kaosha, and Yu was raised by his distant uncle Rong Zhaoyang, who served as an immigration officer in the Bai Empire. His uncle then gave him the name Yu Shanliu.

Yu attended Pingsan Independent School and was considered by many teachers an excellent student. Many classmates noted he had charisma and was easy to make friends with. He joined the school's Xiangqi Club and won a couple of awards, which remained on the school's display of awards. According to Yu, he first gained an interest in politics when learning about the Qiaoxin Labour Riots of 1891 protesting against worsening labour conditions. By the end of the 19th century, the Middle Bai Dynasty was plagued by economic stagnation due to increasing corruption and divisions in the Bai government. The lack of meaningful political and economic reforms also led to the rise of political radicals – the far-right fascists and the far-left communists. Yu recalled engaging in plenty of political discussions with his uncle Rong and his teacher Hu Zhutong, a Bai Nationalist who shaped his early political views. He concluded the Riots were a result of the government's failure to take "serious" control of the economy and the country's failure to "adapt" to radically changing conditions.

Despite his excellent grades, his application to attend the Imperial Civil Service College (帝国公务员学院) was rejected, perhaps due to his Kaoshan background. Instead, on his uncle's urging, he went to sign up for the military and attended the Yushan Imperial Military Academy in January 1896. Yu was soon commissioned as an infantry officer in October of that year. By his own account, Yu expressed wishes to serve in the Imperial Navy and hoped for a transfer. Nevertheless, he reflected his days as an infantry officer were still pretty fulfilling.

Military service
Yu was assigned to the 7th Neilu Infantry Battalion, part of the Bei'an Imperial Contingent. While serving as a platoon commander, his superior Unit Commander Colonel Hong Haixin saw his leadership potential, and both became great friends. Yu viewed Hong as another "father figure" in his life who honed his leadership skills. Noting his nationalistic beliefs, Hong introduced Yu to his close acquaintance Xu Xian (徐宪), the founder of the Bai Fascist Solidatory Party (BFSP). Yu found the BFSP appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. It was then Yu's views on the monarchy changed – initially apathetic, he viewed the monarchy as an "outdated system" to be removed for the "rejuvenation of the Bai people".

Still, he kept his anti-monarchist beliefs covert. While Hong offered to forge documents to allow him entry into the Party, Yu showed initial hesitance to join politics formally. He soon denounced Hu as an anti-monarchist, which allowed him to take over his position as Unit Commander in 1905 before his promotion to major. In 1907, due to his "outstanding contributions" to military service, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel while also working in the Imperial Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau.

Entry into politics
It remains a debate when Yu began his unofficial involvement in politics. Even after denouncing Hu, Yu continued visiting Xu Xian and other key figures of the BFSP. It is believed that Yu had made use of his position as a unit commander, and later as an officer in military intelligence, to strengthen pro-nationalist sentiments in the military. At the same time, he passed on vital state secrets to the BFSP, allowing them to coordinate mass rallies and influence more people to join the Bai Fascist movement while avoiding arrests.

In 1908, however, Xu Xian was arrested for various state security charges, including making public remarks against the monarchy. Some historians speculated that, like his former superior Hong, Yu denounced Xu so that he could ascend further in the party ranks, though no clear involvement was ever established. Still, Yu took advantage of the disarray in the party following Xu's arrest to consolidate and advance his own position in the BFSP. Working under Hong Minxi (洪敏熹) and later Hu Suiming (胡绥洺) as a propaganda assistant, he wrote and distributed literature to garner support for the BFSP. He also urged the party to soften its anti-monarchist stance to stand a better chance in the 1910 elections.

After he formally "retired" from the Bai military, Yu formally joined the party in August 1908 as its 1148th member. By then, especially with the execution of Xu Xian, Yu had become a prominent figure in the BFSP as Director of Propaganda. To bolster his image as a devout Bai nationalist, he gave several speeches on the "Foundations of Bai Fascism", which influenced the party's direction and policies. Yu also led the Bai Patriotic Youth League, which would be the BFSP youth wing.

1910 elections
The 1906 elections resulted in a hung parliament and the Renmin Minzhudang losing its majority in the Yihuiting, securing only 477 seats. The main opposition party, the Gongrenhui, and other far-right and far-left parties took up the other seats. The BFSP only managed to win 24 seats. Chen Yintong's government, being the minority government, was unable to pass effective legislation to resolve the political and economic crises in the country. The austerity measures passed, such as limited land reforms and raising taxes, brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular.

Yu exploited the failures of Chen's government and targeted his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the economic crisis, such as farmers and the middle class. At the same time, Yu appointed Lin Kaiwen, Lin Yuxiang and Sun Fei to organise and enlarge the BFSP in western and southern Bai as they competed in the local mayoral elections in 1909. While the mayoral functions were restricted to day-to-day administrative matters, Yu and other party leaders decided to contest the elections as a "dry run" for the upcoming general elections in 1910. Yu also sought funds from various businesses for the party's activities, emphasising the party's anti-communist stance. Yu also befriended several journalists who published articles disseminating the party's ideals and principles.

Due to his efforts, the BFSP secured 25 mayoral seats out of 213 contested, with Yu elected as Mayor of Huoyuan. This was seen as a major victory for the BFSP and allowed its rise to further prominence. Various far-right parties, not wanting to lose relevance and seeing the BFSP as "the leading force" of Bai Nationalism, decided to join the BFSP. The merger allowed the expansion of the BFSP and it soon had its presence across the Empire, allowing it to be a "significant player" in the 1910 elections. On 2 May 1910, Yu was elected Chairman of the BFSP, succeeding Hu Suiming, and was subsequently nominated as the party's Chancellor candidate. In addition to political campaigning, the BFSP engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda in the days preceding the election. The BFSP won 328 seats to become the 3rd largest party in the Yihuiting, with Yu securing his seat in his home constituency of Huoyuan.

Appointment as Chancellor
The Renmin Minzhudang, while gaining more seats in the Yihuiting, failed to secure a majority in the 1910 elections. The chairman of the Minzhudang Chen Yintong initially considered a coalition with the Gongrenhui as advocated by the Jinlong Emperor, although Gongrenhui chairman An Yihui ruled out such a partnership. Yu Shanliu, as Chairman of the BFSP, decided to open talks with Chen on forming a coalition government with his party, but on the condition that he would become Chancellor. Chen was initially "outraged" by the "absurd idea" of an alliance with "far-right radicals", despite his deputies "strongly considering" the idea to "ward off leftist ideals in the government".

The Jinlong Emperor, after meeting the two party leaders of the Minzhudang and Gongrenhui, summoned an audience with Yu and other BFSP leaders. It was never clear what was exactly discussed, although fellow party cadre Pang Dongnin claimed that Yu had left "a considerable impression" on the Emperor. The Emperor also consulted with other independent Yihuiting members, among which 50 expressed support to cooperate with the Minzhudang or the BFSP.

Some historians speculated that the Emperor's eventual decision to appoint Yu was out of fear of a possible civil war and ultimately thought he could use Yu to restore law and order in the country. Yu and the BFSP also enjoyed considerable support in the military and among the industrial and agrarian elites. Shortly after, Chen was summoned and persuaded by the Jinlong Emperor to agree to a power-sharing partnership with Yu, who would be the leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties". On 30 July 1910, Yu was sworn in as the country's Chancellor, while Chen was deputy Chancellor. Pang Dongnin and Lin Kaiwen were appointed to be Ministers of State Security and Defence respectively as a way for the BFSP to gain control over the police and the military in much of the Bai Empire. On 12 August, during the first parliamentary session since the elections, he called a vote of confidence in his leadership and won with a simple majority.

As Chancellor, the first years of Yu's rule were characterized by a right-wing coalition government composed of Fascists, nationalists and other independents. Yu often clashed with An, the leader of the opposition, who opposed his attempts to consolidate more power for himself and blocked legislation that favoured the wealthy industrial and agrarian classes. Yu outmanoeuvred such opposition by frequently consulting with the Jinlong Emperor, who helped Yu override the Yihuiting to pass laws "much needed to oppose the leftist threat" in the country.

Personal life and family
Before joining the military, Yu married Sun Meijing, the daughter of his uncle's acquaintance, on 23 January 1896. While their marriage was arranged, the two were actually classmates and relatively close, often playing as Xiangqi partners. She bore him a son, Yu Zeming, who would be the country's future leader as Regent.